Africa: Overview

In Africa there are two regional human rights systems potentially of interest to conscientious objectors to military service: the African Union and especially its African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights and the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child as bodies covering the entire African continent, and the Economic Community Of West African States (ECOWAS) and its Community Court of Justice as a sub-regional mechanism.

The African Union grew out of the Organisation for African Unity (OAU), and was founded in 1999. One of its objectives is to “promote and protect human and peoples' rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights and other relevant human rights instruments”. While one of the organs of the African Union is the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, individuals can only bring cases if a State party has made a declaration that this is the case. As of April 2012, only five states had made such a Declaration. Those countries are Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, Mali, and Tanzania. Therefore, the African Court is presently not included in this guide. More information on the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights is available at http://www.african-court.org.

A list of member states of the African Union is available at http://www.au.int/en/member_states/countryprofiles.

While the Economic Community Of West African States (ECOWAS) is mainly a organisation for economic cooperation, its Community Court of Justice has jurisdiction to determine cases of violations of human rights that occur in any Member State of ECOWAS.

A list of member states of ECOWAS is available at http://www.courtecowas.org/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=articl....

Other sub-regional institutions are less relevant to human rights, and especially to conscientious objection to military service.

At the time of writing, the East African Court of Justice (EACJ) of the East African Community has no jurisdiction over human rights. The Council of the East African Community, however, might extend the Court's jurisdiction at a later date. More information on the East African Court of Justice can be found at http://www.eacj.org. Information on the East African Community and a list of member states can be found at http://www.eac.int/.

The Court of Justice of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) does not have jurisdiction over human rights issues, as the treaty establishing COMESA does not include human rights. Information on COMESA is available at http://about.comesa.int.

The Southern African Development Community Tribunal (SADC Tribunal) has some jurisdiction over human rights, although it is not a human rights court per se. The Tribunal has ruled that it does have jurisdiction to entertain human rights matters as one of the principles of the Southern African Development Community is the observance of human rights, democracy and rule of law. More information on the SADC Tribunal is available at http://www.sadc-tribunal.org.

To our knowledge none of the African human rights systems has so far been used to advance the right to conscientious objection to military service in an African country. There is no established standard relating to conscientious objection under any of the African system, so they should be used with caution. If you want to engage in standard setting in one of the African human systems, we recommend that you get in touch with one of the organisations listed below: